淄博市中小学实施素质教育规定(2004年修正)
山东省淄博市人民政府
淄博市中小学实施素质教育规定(2004年修正)
(1998年6月15日淄政发[1998]115号公布 根据2004年6月14日淄博市人民政府令第43号公布,自2004年8月1日起施行的《淄博市人民政府关于修改〈淄博市妇幼保健保偿管理办法〉等15件市政府规章的决定》修订)
第一章 总则
第一条 为推进中小学实施素质教育,根据《中华人民共和国义务教育法》及国家教育主管部门《关于当前积极推进中小学实施素质教育的若干意见》,结合我市实际,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定适用于本市行政区域内义务教育阶段的中小学和特殊教育学校。
第三条 素质教育是以提高民族素质为宗旨的教育。素质教育是依据《教育法》规定的国家教育方针,着眼于受教育者及社会长远发展的要求,以面向全体学生、全面提高学生的基本素质为宗旨,以注重培养受教育者的态度、能力,促进学生在德智体等方面生动、活泼、主动地发展为基本特征的教育。
第四条 实施素质教育应遵循区域推进、分学段实施、典型引路、重在实践的原则。
第五条 实施素质教育应当贯彻《课程方案》,从减轻学生过重课业负担、改革考试制度、加强薄弱学校建设入手,克服基础教育中存在的以应试为目的的倾向,纠正和革除违背教育规律和少年儿童身心发展规律的做法与弊端。
第六条 实施素质教育由各级人民政府负责,各级教育主管部门具体组织实施。
第二章 教育教学
第七条 中小学必须按照国家的教育方针,组织教育教学活动。
(一)按照国家教育主管部门颁布的课程方案、教学大纲组织教学工作,任何学校和个人不得随意增减课程课时,确定重点课程和非重点课程、提高或降低教学要求和加快或放慢教学进度。
(二)贯彻落实国家教育主管部门颁发的《中小学德育工作规程》。坚持以“五爱”教育为核心内容,突出思想品德课和思想政治课的主导地位,发挥各学科教学的德育功能,构建学校、家庭、社会相结合的德育网络,提高德育工作的针对性和实效性。抓好《中小学生日常行为规范》的落实,强化行为训练,实施养成教育,培养学生良好的行为习惯。针对学生特点进行心理健康教育和指导,增强学生自我控制、自我调节和承受心理压力的能力。
(三)建立城乡学校联谊制度,实现城乡学校教育优势互补,为城乡学生创造相互了解、交流和学习的机会。
(四)加强学生体育锻炼,组织好“两操”和体育活动课,保证学生每天有1小时的体育活动时间。重视学生健康教育,建立卫生档案和学生健康档案,定期组织学生体检,预防常见病、传染病。加强学生用眼卫生指导,培养学生正确的读写姿势,降低近视眼的发病率。
第八条 中小学应逐步建立学科课程、活动课程和环境课程三位一体的课程体系。
(一)以学科教学作为实施素质教育的主渠道。加强实验教学和实践,促进教育教学与生产劳动、社会实践的有机结合,提高学生的动手操作能力和创造能力。
(二)加强活动课程建设。做到有师资、有场所、有设施。内容上应体现学生不同年龄特点的层次性和序列性,形式上应体现多样化,逐步形成适合当地实际而富有特色的活动课体系。
(三)抓好环境课程建设,为学生创设优美和谐、文明高雅的生活、学习环境,形成良好的校风、教风、学风。
(四)开设选修课程,发展学生的兴趣、爱好、特长。创造条件普及计算机、外语教育。
第九条 以课堂教学作为实施素质教育的主阵地。教师应更新观念,进行教学方法的改革和学习方法的指导,优化教学过程,提高课堂教学的质量和效益。
第十条 中小学必须贯彻因材施教的原则,坚持面向全体学生,面向学生的每一个方面,指导学生学会学习,发挥学生的积极性、主动性,使每个学生都能在原有的基础上得到生动、活泼、主动的发展。
第十一条 减轻学生过重的课业负担。
(一)严格控制学生在校时间。学生每天在校活动时间,小学不超过6小时,初中不超过8小时,小学和无寄宿生的初中一律不设晚自习,有寄宿生的初中只能为寄宿生开设晚自习,时间控制在1.5小时之内。教育主管部门应统一中小学作息时间。小学生每天应有不少于10小时、初中生每天应有不少于9小时的睡眠时间。
(二)中小学实行每周五天工作制,学校不得利用节假日、双休日给学生集体上课。
(三)严格控制学生课外作业量。小学一年级不留书面课外作业;二、三年级作业总量不超过30分钟;四年级不超过45分钟;五年级不超过1小时;初中各年级不超过1.5小时。寒暑假作业总量控制在假期的1/2天数之内,每天的作业量,小学低年级不超过30分钟,小学高年级不超过1小时,初中不超过1.5小时。教师应精心筛选、布置、批改作业,不得让学生批改作业,不得让学生家长代批作业,不得以超量布置作业作为惩罚学生的手段。
(四)严格控制学生考试、竞赛次数和社会性活动。小学取消期中考试,每学期只组织语文、数学期末考试,其他学科以考察为主。初中保留期中、期末和毕业考试,取消其他考试。不得组织中小学生参加商业性庆典、演出、宣传等活动。
第十二条 加强学生用书管理,实行学生用书定购制度。
任何单位和个人不得强行给学生定购学具。
第十三条 小学、初中继续实行划片招生、免试就近入学。推行中考招生制度改革,实行“一考多录”、中考招生指标与办学水平挂钩制度。
鼓励区县进行以实施素质教育为宗旨的中考招生改革。
第十四条 小学命题、考试权,农村归乡镇中心小学,城区归各学校。初中的命题、考试权,期中归学校,期末归区县,毕业考试归市里。试题应以大纲、教材为依据,控制难度和题目份量,变单纯的知识考核为知识、能力、操作技能全面考核。考试不合格的学生可以申请重考。小学取消百分制,实行考试成绩等级制。全面推广“等级+特长+评语”的评价模式,实行学生素质发展报告单制度,全面反映学生德智体等方面的发展状况。
第十五条 加大普教渗透职教力度,初中应对学生进行职业预备教育。
中小学应通过劳动课或劳动技术教育课,培养学生爱劳动、珍惜劳动成果、尊重劳动人民的思想和自我服务、家务劳动、公益劳动及简单生产劳动的能力,养成良好的劳动习惯。
特殊教育学校应当重视残疾学生的劳动技能培养,使学生成为有一技之长的自食其力的劳动者。
第十六条 教师对学生应坚持正面教育,不得讽刺、挖苦、粗暴压制学生;不得体罚或变相体罚学生;不得侮辱学生人格。
第三章 实施保障
第十七条 各级人民政府应加强对实施素质教育的领导,协调各方面的力量,为本行政区域内素质教育的实施创造有利的条件和宽松的环境。
第十八条 各级人民政府应按照分级办学、分工管理的原则,科学调整学校布局,合理设置中小学。应解决中小学、特别是城区中小学班额过大的问题,使中小学班额达到国家规定标准。农村中小学应适度合班并校,优化教育资源配置,最大限度地提高办学效益。
新建中小学校应符合国家《中小学校建筑设计规范》。
第十九条 各级人民政府应依法筹措教育经费,落实“三个增长”,保证义务教育学校稳定的经费来源。依法足额征收教育费附加,主要用于义务教育。
第二十条 各级人民政府应严格执行《中华人民共和国义务教育法》,确保本行政区域内的适龄少年儿童全部入学。严格禁止义务教育段学生辍学。
小学、初中取消留级制度,义务教育段不得开除学生。初中不得招收复读生。
第二十一条 各级人民政府及教育主管部门不得向学校下达升学指标,不得单纯以升学人数或升学率评价学校和校长工作,不得以升学率高低作为干部任用、经费拨付、评优选模的一票标准。
任何单位和个人不得以考试成绩或升学率排列学校、教师、班级、学生的名次,张榜公布。
第二十二条 各级人民政府、教育主管部门应加强宏观管理,扩大学校的办学自主权,减少不必要的检查和活动,鼓励中小学根据自身实际办出特色。教育主管部门和学校应抵制以学校、教师、学生为对象的各种营利活动,维护学校正常的教育教学秩序。
第二十三条 各级人民政府、教育主管部门必须重视校长和教师队伍建设。建立以职业道德、专业知识、课堂教学、教育教学效果为主要内容的综合考查评价教师工作的评价体系,作为奖优罚劣、晋升职务的依据。
教师培训的重点应从学历补偿教育转移到继续教育上来。有计划、有步骤地搞好以把握大纲、驾驭教材为重点,以提高教师教育教学能力为目的的教师基本功训练。
实施城区和名校带动战略,逐步建立城乡干部、教师交流任职制度和到其他名校挂职、考察学习制度。定期表彰优秀教干、教师。
第二十四条 各级人民政府教育督导机构应将实施素质教育作为重点,组织对下级政府、教育主管部门及中小学的督导和评估。
第二十五条 采取改造、重建、撤销、兼并、联合、民办公助、公有民办等形式,加大薄弱学校改造的力度。市和区县应从义务教育补助专款中拿出部分资金专项用于薄弱学校建设。
采取内选、外派、招考、聘任、挂职等多种方式调配好薄弱学校的领导班子,选配好校长。
制定优惠政策,解决薄弱学校师资队伍不稳定问题。
采取措施优化薄弱学校的生源结构,控制学生流失,在招生政策上向薄弱学校倾斜。
第二十六条 教育主管部门和中小学应严格遵守国家法律、法规,增强依法治教意识。
第二十七条 构建适应素质教育需要的运行机制。
(一)建立有效的导向机制。宣传媒介应搞好素质教育宣传,引导社会舆论,营造实施素质教育的社会氛围。学校应规范教师教育教学行为,引导教师将提高学生的全面素质作为教和学的出发点和归宿。
(二)建立有力的制约机制。完善素质教育的各方面政策、规定,建立与素质教育相适应的管理制度和管理体系。
(三)建立科学的评估机制。以学生德智体美劳全面素质为内容,以课程方案、教学大纲为依据,以抽测为手段,建立市对区县、区县对乡镇以学生为对象的素质教育质量监控机制,以素质教育水平的高低作为评价学校工作优劣的依据。
第二十八条 义务教育阶段不设重点学校,不办重点班,不分快慢班。
第二十九条 各级教学研究和教育科研部门应重视素质教育基础理论研究,指导中小学教师开展学科教研活动,探索实施素质教育的教学模式和教学方法。
第三十条 中小学应严格按省规定的收费项目和标准收费,不得自立名目向学生收取费用;不得向学生摊派钱物代替勤工俭学;不得代其他单位通过学生向家长收取任何费用。
第三十一条 鼓励支持社会团体、公民个人举办义务教育学校。
第三十二条 全社会都应重视学生安全工作。有关部门和单位,应根据自身特点,采取安全防范措施,避免学生非正常伤亡。学生家长和中小学应对学生进行安全教育,培养学生的安全防范意识和自救自护能力。中小学应定期进行安全检查,及时消除各种不安全因素。中小学组织学生参加文体活动、社会实践、郊游、夏(冬)令营、劳动等必须采取预防措施,保证学生安全。对发生的各类责任事故,应及时查处。
严格执行学生非正常死亡报告制度。
第三十三条 团队组织、社区组织和社会各界应大力支持素质教育实施。各少年宫、科技馆、爱国主义教育基地等应制定切实可行的办法,免费或优惠向广大中小学生开放,发挥其应有的教育作用。
第四章 奖励与处罚
第三十四条 各级人民政府和教育主管部门对在实施素质教育中做出显著成绩的单位和个人应当予以表彰奖励。
第三十五条 违反本规定,有下列行为之一的,由所在单位、当地人民政府或上级教育主管部门依照管理权限,视情节轻重给予批评教育、通报批评或行政处分:
(一)随意停课,任意增减教学科目、时数的;
(二)超规定布置作业的;
(三)违反规定增加考试次数、科目的;
(四)违反规定组织统练、统测等统一考试的;
(五)用考试成绩排列学校班级、学生名次张榜公布的;
(六)违反规定向学校下达升学指标的;
(七)违反规定面向在校中小学生乱招生、乱办班的;
(八)体罚、变相体罚学生的;
(九)违反规定强行给学生定购学具的;
(十)利用节假日给学生集体上课的;
(十一)其他妨碍素质教育实施的。
第五章 附则
第三十六条 其他实施义务教育的机构、普通高中、职业高中及中等专业学校参照本规定执行。
第三十七条 本规定自发布之日起施行。
Stratic Advice on Intellectual Property Investment in Asia
苏冉
IssueⅠ: Legal framework of protection on software copyright in P.R.C and Singapore
A) P.R.C
In conjunction with China’s astonishing economic growth over the past two decades, especially after the entrance to WTO, China has steadily improved its legal framework on Software Copyright by checking and clearing large-scale regulations both in domestic and international activities.
Frankly speaking, China joined in three vital international treaties relate to copyright: the Berne Convention , TRIPs and Universal Copyright Convention. Moreover, China and US signed MOU especially for software in January 1992. All these Conventions are regarded as a milestone to reflect China’s dramatic promotion and strong determination to build a satisfactory environment for foreign software investors.
Similarly to US, P.R.C has chosen to protect software under copyright law rather than trademark, patent, or contract law. One year after Copyright Law Amendment in 2001, Chinese Council corrected its software-specific “Computer Software Protection Rules” , to deal with new problems prevailing in software protection nowadays. Under the Rule, software is defined as two particular types: computer program and their relevant documentation. Furthermore, since MOU came into force, computer software is protected as a literary work. Third, according to the conditional nation treatment here, foreigners are required to comply with “connecting factor”, to sum up, either first publication or nationality/residence of the author in China or in any of these countries ,between the work and China or a country who is a member of the WTO, or the Berne Convention. So, despite your software products first being published in US, you can still enjoy the original copyright and the legal protection on in China.
Except from the above rules, other laws also have supportive stipulation on the protection of software copyrights as follows:
(a)The General Principle of Civil Law, the country’s current basic civil law, has authorized the author’s copyright in general;
(b)The Criminal Code has a section of articles referring to piracy offences, with “Dual Punishment Principle” in front of copyright encroachment;
(c)The newly amended Foreign Trade Law (adopted in Feb).
B) Singapore
The general legal framework of software copyright protection in Singapore is almost the same as P.R.C, but with some characteristics of its own. Actually, different from P.R.C based on Civil law background, laws and litigations in Singapore are principally modeled on the English system under Common law system till nowadays. Pursuant to certain legal revolutions, modern copyright legislation contains the same international conventions as P.R.C: the Berne Conventions, Universal Copyright Convention, and TRIPs. But, Singapore signed ASEAN Framework on Intellectual Property Cooperation and the WIPO Copyright Treaty as a member of ASEAN. Turning to its domestic laws, the latest Copyright Act 1999(revised edition) is the principle one, with some other relevant regulations for enforcement. And it also definites software program into literary work under protection. In addition, Singapore owes large resources of case laws so as to make its legal conditions more particular than that in P.R.C.
The amended Act is first purposed to address issues arising from the use of copyright materials in a digital environment, especially provide legal certainty for the use of copyright in cyberspace. For instance, the extension of concept “reproduction” .Second, the Act plays another role in enhancing performer’s rights, offering two new defenses to allegations of copyright infringement. Therefore, merely surfing the Web doesn’t constitute software copyright infringement, if it’s necessary to browse. Even , Singapore passed the Electronic Transactions Act 1998 to give statutory protection of Network Service Providers. At these points, Singapore seemingly forwards a step further than P.R.C, declining its attention on encouraging the growth of a knowledge-based economy and promoting E-commerce and creative innovations. Last but the most significant point, Singapore and the United State signed a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) on May 6th 2003, and entered it into force from January 1st 2004. Virtually, this is the first FTA between US and an Asia country .So it’s doubtlessly the greatest advantage for Singapore to attract US investors, apart from other Asian countries. They would encourage the entrepreneurship, investment, job creation and growth in our own technology, science and creative industries as well as set the stage for Singapore’s emergence as a global IP hub.
Issue Ⅱ: Implementation on Software Copyright Law in P.R.C and Singapore
Sufficient and effective enforcement is more useful and practical than recorded documents, with no exception to P.R.C and Singapore.
(ⅰ)Role of Government
A)P.R.C
Learned from Annual Report on the Protection of Intellectual Property Right in China during the past 5 years by the head officer Jingchuan Wang in TableⅠ , you can see copyright administration at various levels make remarkable progress in encouraging innovation, promoting industrial development, regulating market order, and even improving the opening-up policy.
As a matter of fact, the People’s Courts, the People’s Prosecution Department, National Copyright Administration Centre and Public Security compose the backbone of the implementation of copyright law in China with civil remedies, criminal sensations and administrative punishments, such as fine. And border enforcement assistance to copyright owners by the Customs and Excise Department is also available.
TableⅠ:
The Administration on Software Copyright In P.R.C
Year Registration Prosecute Cases Resolved Cases Resolved Cases Rate Seized Pirates(M) Top 1 Region of Piracy
1999 1,041 1,616 1,515 93.75% 20.14 Shenzhen
2000 3,300 2,457 1,980 95.30% 32.60 Guangdong
2001 4,620 2,683 2,327 97.52% 61.75 Guangdong
2002 4,860 2,740 2,604 99.02% 67.90 Guangdong
2003 5,020 6,120 5,793 97.64% 73.28 Beijing
Statistics from NCAC (National Copyright Administration Centre
Fortunately, China has begun to regard software as an industry with strategic significance while formulating effective policies in areas including anti-piracy and anti-monopoly. To adapt to the legal framework, China has shifted its attention upon educating software users and strengthening the law. “Government departments are being asked to show a good example in using copyrighted software only and make software budget each year”. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong buy over 3,000 software products every year through public bidding. What’s more, the National Software Government Procurement Regulation will probably act in the near future. Eventually, Chinese government is trying to treat all software companies equal in P.R.C, no matter domestic or foreign countries.
Nevertheless, given China’s vast geography and population, it would be an awesome task for the central government to manage pirating activities throughout the entire country. On the other hand, due to lack of resources, the lack of judicial expertise, the unpredictability of trial outcomes, and large costs, litigation in Chinese courts remains a risky and expensive response to Chinese copyright violations. Another administrative difficulty arises from the increasing decentralization of the Chinese government. Much of China's copyright enforcement takes place at the provincial and local levels; the national government lacks the resources and control to effectively monitor nationwide pirating activity and to impose national enforcement policies.
B) Singapore
Switching to Singapore, the Intellectual Property Office of Singapore (IPOS) is its senior administration department, and it leads Singapore to the success in copyright infrastructure. Singapore has announced a number of meaningful standards through requirements for tough penalties to combat piracy and counterfeiting, including, in civil cases, procedures for seizure and destruction of pirated and counterfeit products, and a requirement to provide for statutory and actual damages to remedy such practices. There has been a rule in Singapore that government could only allowed to use copyrighted software since 1996. In order to obtain efficiency, Singapore maintain civil remedies and criminal penalties for circumvention of technology protection measures, and it also has in place implementation allowing for border seizures of infringing articles by customs officials. For example, the copyright infringement is punished with a maximum fine of S$100,000 or five years’ imprisonment or both. So, in comparison to P.R.C, the least time for imprisonment is shorter .But due to the judge’s free power under common law system, the court is increasingly harsh in their sentencing in respect of infringement of copyright. In other words, criminal obligation will become heavier with more limitation in Singapore.
In the contrast with Chinese administrative punishments, Singapore has a large scope of interlocutory remedies to fill in the blank area between civil remedies and criminal sensations, and they are three main types:
(a) the interlocutory injunction---It is an injunction obtained before the trail often with the main objective of maintaining the Stats quo between the parties pending the outcome of the trail. The interlocutory injunction may be in a mandatory or prohibitory form.
(b) the Anton Piller Order---It’s developed from Anton Piller KG v.Mfg Processes Ltd as a safeguard system of evidence for avoiding the defendant to destroy and hide the evidence of copyright infringement, if the plaintiff shows an extremely strong prima facie that his right are being interfered with, or the damage, potential or actual are very serious to the plaintiff, or even there must be clear evidence to proof the defendants faults.
(c) the Norwich Pharmacal Order.---The further expansion of Anton Piller Order to raise over the privilege against self-incrimination from Rank Film Distributors Ltd v. Video Information Centre Virtually . However, case law in Singapore has now established that where the privilege against self-incrimination exists, an undertaking from the plaintiff/ applicant not to use the information obtained in criminal proceedings is not an adequate safeguard for the defendant’s privilege against self-crimination. Singapore courts have also held that they don’t have the power to order that the information be inadmissible in any subsequent criminal prosecution.
Relying on common law foundation, people in Singapore prefer to a lawsuit rather than mediation while more mediation in P.R.C, once in the face of a dispute. Consequently, it would like to be more time and energy consuming somehow, for it costs at least one year of a civil procedure in the High Court of Singapore.
Last but not least, along with legsilation changes, Singapore Administration departments are also mounting a public campaign targeting both consumers and businesses to increase their awareness on the benefits and other implications of the new laws. There’s broad-based public awareness initiatives like the HIP Alliance’s year-long anti-piracy campaign? “The Real thing is the Right thing”, and brain Wave, Singapore’s first reality television show on IP.
(ⅱ)Role of Anti- Piracy Organizations
Both P.R.C and Singapore joined in Business Software Alliance (BSA) ,and WIPO several years ago and established domestic anti-piracy alliances at their own respective locality. The alliances played an active part in combating piracy and protecting the interests of right holders. They always declare laws, promulgate routine reports of current protection on TV, newspapers, and Website and show different points between pirate and authorized products. In the contrast with P.R.C, Singapore has other special disputes resolution organs under its common law system, including the small claims tribunals, E-commerce disputes centre. What’s more, Singapore collaborates with other ASAEN countries to harmonize IP rights with international and regional organizations such as the Office of Harmonization of the Internal Market (OHIM), the European Union, the French National Office of Industrial Property, and IP Australia.
(ⅲ)Introduction of Judgments in Precedent Cases
A) P.R.C
In a landmark verdict on April 16, 1996 against Beijing JuRen Computer, the Beijing No.1 Intermediate Court delivered judgment in favor of the Business Software Alliance (BSA) upholding the plaintiffs' intellectual property rights and ordering the defendant to (a) publicly apologize to the plaintiff; (b) pay over RMB600,000 (US$70,000) in damages, including court costs and accounting costs; (c) pay additional fines directly to the court. The court also ordered the defendant to undertake not to infringe intellectual property rights in the future, and the law enforcement officials to confiscate all computers and software seized during the raid on the defendant's premises. In another case, the same court rendered a judgment against Beijing Giant Computer Co. for software copyright infringement. These were the first cases decided in favor of a US plaintiff in a Chinese court.